Blockchain-Enabled Security Framework for Internet of Things (IoT) Data Integrity: Architecture, Challenges, and Implementation

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, projected to encompass over 75 billion connected devices globally by 2025, generates continuous streams of sensitive data that traverse inherently vulnerable communication channels, exposing critical infrastructure to unprecedented cybersecurity risks. Conventional centralized security architectures exhibit fundamental scalability limitations and represent single points of failure that malicious actors increasingly exploit. This paper proposes and evaluates a blockchain-enabled security framework specifically architected for IoT environments, integrating lightweight consensus mechanisms, attribute-based encryption (ABE), and smart contract automation to ensure end-to-end data integrity, device authentication, and access control. The proposed framework was implemented and benchmarked on a heterogeneous IoT testbed comprising 150 nodes across three network layers (perception, network, application). Experimental results demonstrate a 94.7% reduction in unauthorized data modification incidents compared to traditional PKI approaches, with transaction throughput of 847 transactions per second and average latency of 23.4 milliseconds—performance characteristics suitable for real-time industrial IoT applications. Energy consumption analysis confirms 31% reduction compared to proof-of-work consensus while maintaining equivalent security guarantees.

Keywords: Blockchain, Internet of Things, data integrity, cybersecurity, smart contracts, attribute-based encryption, distributed ledger

Abstrak:

Ekosistem Internet of Things (IoT), yang diproyeksikan mencakup lebih dari 75 miliar perangkat yang terhubung secara global pada tahun 2025, menghasilkan aliran data sensitif yang terus-menerus melalui saluran komunikasi yang rentan, sehingga mengekspos infrastruktur kritis terhadap risiko keamanan siber yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Makalah ini mengusulkan dan mengevaluasi kerangka keamanan berbasis blockchain yang dirancang khusus untuk lingkungan IoT, mengintegrasikan mekanisme konsensus ringan, enkripsi berbasis atribut, dan otomatisasi kontrak pintar untuk memastikan integritas data end-to-end, otentikasi perangkat, dan kontrol akses.

Kata Kunci: Blockchain, Internet of Things, integritas data, keamanan siber, kontrak pintar, enkripsi berbasis atribut